Radioactive contamination of the environment -- Environmental countermeasures and remediation -- Human exposure -- Radiation-induced effects on plants and animals -- Environmental aspects of dismantlement of the shelter and radioactive waste management -- Introduction -- Radioactive contamination of the environment -- Radionuclide release and deposition -- Urban environment -- Agricultural environment - Forest environment -- Radioactivity in aquatic systems -- Environmental countermeasures and remediation -- Radiological criteria -- Urban decontamination -- Agricultural countermeasures -- Forest countermeasures -- Aquatic countermeasures -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Human exposure levels -- Introduction -- External exposure -- Internal dose -- Total (external and internal) exposure -- Collective doses -- Radiation induced effects on plants and animals -- Prior knowledge of radiation effects on biota -- The temporal dynamics of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident -- Radiation-induced effects on plants -- radiation effects on soil invertebrates -- Radiation effects on farm animals -- Radiation effects on other terrestrial animals -- Radiation effects on aquatic organisms -- Genetic effects effects in animals and plants -- Secondary impacts and current conditions -- Environmental aspects of dismantlement of the shelter and radioactive waste management -- Current status and the future of Unit 4 and the shelter -- Issues and areas for improvement -- Management of radioactive waste from the accident -- Current status of radioactive waste from the accident -- Strategy on radioactive waste management -- Environmental aspects -- Issues and areas of improvement -- Future of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.