Clinical Vascular Growth Factor Therapy for Neovascularization in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease -- The Strengths and Weaknesses of VEGF Adenovirus-Driven Angiogenesis -- Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis in Diabetes Mellitus: Signal Transduction Defects as the Molecular Basis of Vascular Cell Dysfunction -- Endothelial Activation and Neointimal Hyperplasia: A Double-Edged Sword -- Pampering and Priming the Heart -- Coronary Venous Retroinfusion: A Novel Venue of Regional Induction of Neovascularization -- Integrative Pro-angiogenic Activation: HIF-? -- The Maturation of Vessels - A Limitation to Forced Neovascularization? -- Vascular and Neuronal Development: Intersecting Parallelisms and rossroads -- Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides Modulate Angiogenesis -- The Biology of Embryonic and Adult Endothelial Progenitor Cells -- Signaling Behind Progenitor Cell Mobilization: Focus on Enos and Caveolin -- The Role of Monocytes/Macrophages and Vascular Resident Precursor Cells in Collateral Growth. Therapeutic Angiogenesis - quo Vadis? This was the question left after several clinical trials probing the clinical applicability of a tried and proven experimental concept yielded mixed results. Patients reported relief from symptoms, at times in the placebo group as well. Nevertheless this achievement may be viewed as major success in a painful no-option situation. More objective endpoints were rarely met with pro-angiogenic growth factor protein application. As Jens Kastrup illustrates, this data set blunted some of the hopes associated with the concept of new vessel formation, a situation not profoundly changed with the advent of adenoviral based gene therapy. In great detail, Petra Korpisalo, Tuomas Rissanen and Seppo Ylä- Herttuala scrutinize the strengths and weaknesses of this widely used vector system. One of the potential factors causing the bench-to-bedside gap within the the- peutic angiogenesis concept is the difference between an otherwise healthy lab animal (even though a large one) and a patient population with various comorbidities confounding the principles of angiogenesis. Vadim Tchaikovski and Johannes Waltenberger illustrate the multiple dysfunctional elements in angiogenic signalling of diabetic patients. In real world coronary artery disease patients treated by per- taneous coronary interventions, Rohit Khurana and Michael Simons point to the problem of endothelial activation which is helpful for luminal endothelial reg- eration, however, at the expense of advential neovascularization and increased neointima formation.