Investigating Life in Early Archean Rocks -- Setting the Scene: Milestones in the Search for Early Life on Earth -- What Can We Expect to Find in the Earliest Rock Record? -- The Difficulties of Decoding Early Life -- Establishing the Criteria for Early Life on Earth -- Fulfilling the Criteria for Early Life on Earth -- Techniques for Investigating Early Life on Earth -- An Atlas of Claims for Early Archean Life -- > 3,700 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt and Akilia Island, S.W. Greenland -- ˜3,490 Ma Dresser Formation, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,470 Ma Mount Ada Basalt, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,460 Ma Apex Basalt, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,450 Ma, Hoogenoeg Formation, Barberton, South Africa -- ~3,450 Ma, Panorama Formation, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ˜3,426-3,350 Ma, Strelley Pool Formation, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ?3,416-3,334 Ma, Kromberg Formation, Barberton, South Africa -- ~3,350 Ma, Euro Basalt, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,250 Ma, Fig Tree Group, Barberton, South Africa -- ~3,240 Ma, Kangaroo Caves Formation, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,200 Ma, Moodies Group, Barberton, South Africa -- ~3,200 Ma, Dixon Island Formation, Cleaverville Greenstone Belt, West Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,000 Ma, Cleaverville Formation, Cleaverville Greenstone Belt, West Pilbara, Western Australia -- ~3,000 Ma, Farrel Quartzite, East Pilbara, Western Australia -- THE IMPOSTERS: Younger Biological Contaminants and Non-Biological Artefacts -- Erratum to. When did life first appear on Earth and what form did it take? The answer to this intriguing and fundamentally important question lies somewhere within the early Archean rock record. The young Earth was, however, a very different place to that we know today and numerous pitfalls await our interpretation of these most ancient rocks. The first half of this practical guide equips the reader with the background knowledge to successfully evaluate new potentially biological finds from the Archean rock record. Successive steps are covered, from locating promising samples in the field, through standard petrography and evaluation of antiquity and biogenicity criteria, to the latest state of the art geochemical techniques. The second half of the guide uniquely brings together all the materials that have been claimed to comprise the earliest fossil record into an easily accessible, fully illustrated format. This will be a handbook that every Archean geologist, palaeobiologist and astrobiologist will wish to have in their backpack or on their lab-bench.