DNA Methylation -- Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation -- DNA Hypo- vs. Hypermethylation in Cancer -- DNA Methylation in Urological Cancers -- DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer -- CpG Island Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancer -- The Loss of Methyl Groups in DNA of Tumor Cells and Tissues -- Identifying Clinicopathological Association of DNA Hypermethylation in Cancers Using CpG Island Microarrays -- Methylation Analysis in Cancer -- Regulation of DNA Methyltransferases in Cancer -- Inhibition of Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation Allows DNA Hypermethylation -- The Role of Active Demethylation in Cancer and Its Therapeutic Potential -- Purine Analogues and Their Role in Methylation and Cancer Chemotherapy -- DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors -- Preclinical and Clinical Studies on 5-Aza-2?-Deoxycytidine, a Potent Inhibitor of DNA Methylation, in Cancer Therapy -- Anticancer Gene Therapy by in Vivo DNA Electrotransfer of MBD2 Antisense -- Epilogue. NA methylation has bewildered molecular biologists since Hotchkiss discovered it almost six decades ago (Hotchkiss RDJ. Biol Cem 1948; 175:315-332). The fact that the chemical structure of our D genome consists of two components that are covalently bound, the genetic information that is replicated by the DNA replication machinery ana DNA methylation that is maintainea by independent enzymatic machinery, has redictably stimulated the imagination and curiosity of generations of moEdular biologists. An obvious question was whether DNA methylation was a bearer of additional information to the genetic information and what was the nature of this information? It was tempting to speculate that DNA methylation applied some form of control over programming of the genome s expression profile. Once techniques to probe the methylation profile of whole genomes as well as specific genes became available, it became clear that DNA methylation patterns are gene and tissue specific and that patterns of gene expression correlate with patterns of methylation. DNA methylation patterns emerged as the only component of the chemical structure of DNA that exhibited tissue and cell specificity. This data seemingly provided an attractively simple explanation for the longstanding dilemma of how could one identical genome manifest itself in so many different forms in multicellular organisms? The DNA methylation pattern has thus become the only known factor to confer upon DNA a unique cellular identity.