The manual deals with current technology for the measurement of total volumetric flow in process stream ducts and for the extraction of representative gas samples. The purpose of the manual is to discuss techniques and hardware to be used to obtain optimum measurement accuracies while minimizing measurement system complexity and labor requirements. Both manual traverses and continuous measurement systems are considered. Modifications to current methods are suggested where applicable, along with the reasoning for the proposed modifications. Program results indicate that composition and flow measurements in large process stream ducts can be routinely made with accuracies on the order of 5% to 10% on a continuous basis using available hardware and techniques. Secondary program results relative to the accuracy and efficiency of manual measurements have resulted in several suggestions for improvement of standard methods, such as optimization of the number of measurement points for flow measurement and gas sampling. The manual is organized as follows: Derivation of equations; error analysis; sampling methodology; hardware; prototype continuous monitoring procedures. A major purpose of this report is to indicate where commonly used techniques such as the EPA Federal Register methods are potentially inaccurate or impractical, and to suggest modifications to simplify these common procedures and/or make them more accurate. The manual contains no completely new and radical approaches to the problems of flow and composition measurement, but it does discuss significant and possibly controversial changes to existing procedures.

Prepared by TRW Systems group, Redondo Beach, Calif., under contract no. 68-02-1412, task 13, ROAP no. 21ACX-AE, program element no. 1AB013. Includes appendix. Includes bibliographical references (page 90).