Includes bibliographical references and index.

Front Cover; Urban Transportation and Air Pollution; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; References; 1. Introduction; Scope of the Book; Models Treated in this Book; Modeling Emissions for Transport Applications; Organization of this Book; References; 2. Fundamental Concepts; Expressing Concentrations; The Composition of Air; Hydrostatic Equilibrium; The Potential Temperature; Atmospheric Stability; The Origin of Large-Scale Winds; The Pressure Gradient Force; The Coriolis Force; The Geostrophic Wind; High- and Low-Pressure Centers; Effects of Friction; Fronts. 3. Fundamentals of Micrometeorology and DispersionIntroduction; Surface Energy Balance-Atmospheric Boundary Layer; Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer; Convective Velocity Scale; Friction Velocity; Monin-Obukhov Length; Surface Layer Similarity; The Daytime Boundary Layer; Height of the Convective Boundary Layer; The Nighttime Boundary Layer; Turbulent Velocities in the Stable Boundary Layer; Dispersion Modeling-Ground-Level Source; The Point Source in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer; Dispersion in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer; Plume Spread Formulation Used in Current Models. The Unstable Surface Boundary LayerThe Stable Surface Boundary Layer; Horizontal Spread in the Surface Boundary Layer; Concluding Remarks; References; Further Reading; 4. The Impact of Highways on Urban Air Quality; Introduction; Line Source Dispersion Model; Modeling a Highway; Comparison of Highway Models with Observations; Models for the Impacts of Barriers; Effects of Solid Barriers; Model for Downwind Barrier; Model for Upwind Barrier; Dispersion from Depressed Roadways; Model for Depressed Roads; Effects of Vegetation Barriers; Model for a Solid-Vegetation Barrier; Summary; References. Further Reading5. The Impact of Buildings on Urban Air Quality; Introduction; Primary Effects of Buildings on Dispersion of Traffic Emissions; The Impact of Buildings on Mean Winds and Turbulence Within the Urban Canopy; Vortex Flow and Street Canyons; Challenges for Practical Application of Models of Building Effects on Dispersion; Primary Variables Governing Dispersion in Cities; Models for the Effects of Buildings; Operational Street Pollution Model; Vertical Dispersion Model; Comparison of Model with Observations; Description of the Los Angeles Field Measurements. Evaluation of the VDM with Data Collected in Los Angeles and RiversideSummary; References; Further Reading; 6. Modeling Dispersion at City Scale; Introduction; Dispersion Models for Near-Road Air Quality; Integrating Dispersion Models into a Modeling System; Meteorological Inputs-Internal Boundary Layer Model; References; Appendix A: Dispersion From an Elevated Point Source; Modeling a Point Source; Horizontal Plume Spread of Elevated Releases; Vertical Plume Spread Formulations; Plume Spreads Induced by Source Effects and Plume Rise; Plume Rise; Plume Rise Equations; Building Downwash.