The paper reviews Japanese activities in SO2 and NOx control. From 1970 to 1985, energy use in Japan increased by 25%, and annual coal consumption rose from virtually nothing to 20 million tons, yet emissions of SO2 declined by 75% and NOx by 40%. While increases in hydroelectric and nuclear energy sources and use of lower sulfur fuel oil have contributed to the emissions reduction, the most prominent technological achievements have occurred in the successful implementation of SO2 and NOx controls. Since 1968, nearly 1600 flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems and 250 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) units have been constructed. Recent and current activities include simplified FGD operations, SCR experience in coal-fired systems, and transfer of control technology to waste-to-energy plants.