Evolutionary Biology Concepts -- Extinct and Extant Reptiles: A Model System for the Study of Sex Chromosome Evolution -- Constraints, Plasticity, and Universal Patterns in Genome and Phenome Evolution -- Starvation-Induced Reproductive Isolation in Yeast -- Populations of RNA Molecules as Computational Model for Evolution -- Pseudaptations and the Emergence of Beneficial Traits -- Genome / Molecular Evolution -- Transferomics: Seeing the Evolutionary Forest Using Phylogenetic Trees -- Comparative Genomics and Transcriptomics of Lactation -- Evolutionary Dynamics in the Aphid Genome: Search for Genes Under Positive Selection and Detection of Gene Family Expansions -- Mammalian Chromosomal Evolution: From Ancestral States to Evolutionary Regions -- Mechanisms and Evolution of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning -- Evolutionary Genomics for Eye Diversification -- Do Long and Highly Conserved Noncoding Sequences in Vertebrates Have Biological Functions? -- Morphological Evolution / Speciation -- Male-Killing Wolbachia in the Butterfly Hypolimnas bolina -- Evolution of Immunosuppressive Organelles from DNA Viruses in Insects -- The Neogastropoda: Evolutionary Innovations of Predatory Marine Snails with Remarkable Pharmacological Potential -- Antennal Hammers: Echos of Sensillae Past -- Adaptive Radiation of Neotropical Emballonurid Bats: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolutionary Patterns in Behavior and Morphology -- Trends in Rhizobial Evolution and Some Taxonomic Remarks -- Convergent Evolution of Morphogenetic Processes in Fungi -- Evolution and Historical Biogeography of a Song Sparrow Ring in Western North America -- Cave Bear Genomics in the Paleolithic Painted Cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc. The annual Evolutionary Biology Meetings in Marseille aim to bring together leading scientists, promoting an exchange of state-of-the-art knowledge and the formation of inter-group collaborations. This book presents the most representative contributions to the 13th meeting, which was held in September 2009. It comprises 21 chapters, which are organized into the following three categories: - Evolutionary Biology Concepts - Genome/Molecular Evolution - Morphological Evolution/Speciation This book offers an up-to-date overview of evolutionary biology concepts and their use in the biology of the 21st century.