Activation of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins -- Control of Ubiquitin Conjugation by Cdc48 and Its Cofactors -- Regulation of Ubiquitin Receptors by Coupled Monoubiquitination -- Control of Cullin-Ring Ubiquitin Ligase Activity by Nedd8 -- Control of Deneddylation by the COP9 Signalosome -- Mechanism, Specificity and Structure of the Deubiquitinases -- Ubiquitin Conjugation and Deconjugation in NF-?B Signaling -- Functions of Linear Ubiquitin Chains in the NF-?B Pathway -- Assembly of K11-Linked Ubiquitin Chains by the Anaphase-Promoting Complex -- Ubiquitin Family Members in the Regulation of the Tumor Suppressor p53 -- Ubiquitylation in the ERAD Pathway -- Pupylation -- Sumo Control -- The In Vivo Functions of Desumoylating Enzymes -- Regulatory Functions of Ubiquitin and SUMO in DNA Repair Pathways -- Sumoylation as a Signal for Polyubiquitylation and Proteasomal Degradation -- In Vivo Functions of Isgylation -- Identification and Validation of ISG15 Target Proteins -- FAT10. † 1 a a 4 † 17 10 15 ubiquitin; and of 16 VCP 17 18 20 33 34 34 36 p domain. 41 42 42 43 P U 42 47 binding. C. elegans 16 In 21 22 50 51 52 53 13 and UFD 4 10 of Cdc48. 18 30 of Ufd2. COFACTORS 47 23 13 47 47 47 72 15 15 and of Spt23 p90. Ufd2 and Cdc48. In C. elegans 74 16 75 75 76 76 Ufd2 25 54 54 7 56 p47 7 7 80 30 30 81 82 82 but and CD3 26 DUB COFACTORS 30 UFD3 OTU1 4 Cdc48 30 4 OLE1. 15 27 87 REFERENCES 30 REGULATION OF UBIQUITIN MONOUBIQUITINATION UBIQUITINATION 1 32 7 S) d 33 12 13 14 15 18 19 15 20 21 35 15 15 27 15 31 32 31 33 36 monoubiquitination of pol pol 34 37 34 monoubiquitination. 20 35 trans 3 15 REFERENCES by monoubiquitination. Mol Cell; 2009. UBIQUITIN LIGASE ACTIVITY BY Nedd 1 2 of 41 5 6 8 fold. 9 13 14 edd 43 18 18 K M and k 18 22 23 K M 24 25 K M 26 edd 45 18 27 K M K D 18 25 . 8 10 M 21 28 MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF CRLs 34 41 34 edd 47 48 S. pombe 49 51 p27 and I by SCF and SCF 57 58 59 60 CTD CTD CTD CTD in Cul5 CTD CTD CTD 60 18