Brief History of the Black Sea Exploration and Oceanographic Investigation -- Quaternary Paleogeography of the Azov-Black Sea Basin -- Coastal and Bottom Topography -- The Sea of Azov -- River Mouths -- Hydrometeorological Conditions -- General Circulation -- Mesoscale Water Dynamics -- Thermohaline Structure of the Sea -- Sea Surface Temperature Variability -- Vertical Hydrochemical Structure of the Black Sea -- Hydrogen Sulfide in the Black Sea -- Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Remotely Sensed Chlorophyll -- Biodiversity and Bioproductivity -- Introduced Species -- Environmental Issues of the Black Sea -- Socioeconomic, Legal and Political Problems of the Black Sea -- Conclusions. Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the ?rst objectives of Environmental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Envir- mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over ?ve million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and ?fty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modi?cations, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and con?ned areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems.