A TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR AUTAR SINGH PAINTAL (1925-2004) -- Immunolocalization of Tandem Pore Domain K+ Channels in the Rat Carotid Body -- Neuroglobin, a New Oxygen Binding Protein is Present in the Carotid Body and Increases after Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia -- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1? and Endothelin-1 Expression in the Rat Carotid Body during Intermittent Hypoxia -- Expression of HIF-2? and HIF-3? in the Rat Carotid Body in Chronic Hypoxia -- Modulation of Gene Expression in Subfamilies of TASK K+ Channels by Chronic Hyperoxia Exposure in Rat Carotid Body -- Postnatal Changes in Gene Expression of Subfamilies of TASK K+ Channels in Rat Carotid Body -- Morphological Changes in the Rat Carotid Body in Acclimatization and Deacclimatization to Hypoxia -- Effect of Carbon Dioxide on the Structure of the Carotid Body A comparison between normoxic and hypoxic conditions -- S-Nitrosoglutathione (SNOG) Accumulates Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1? in Main Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells but not in Micro Pulmonary Vessel Endothelial Cells -- Changes in Antioxidant Protein SP-22 of Chipmunk Carotid Bodies during the Hibernation Season -- Potential Role of Mitochondria in Hypoxia Sensing by Adrenomedullary Chromaffin Cells -- Localization of Ca/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase I in the Carotid Body Chief Cells and the Ganglionic Small Intensely Fluorescent (SIF) Cells of Adult Rats -- Dual Origins of the Mouse Carotid Body Revealed by Targeted Disruption of Hoxa3 and Mash1 -- Genetic Regulation of Chemoreceptor Development in DBA/2J and A/J Strains of Mice -- Genetic Influence on Carotid Body Structure in DBA/2J and A/J Strains of Mice -- The Effect of Hyperoxia on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Petrosal and Nodose Ganglion Neurons during Development (Using Organotypic Slices) -- Carotid Body Volume in Three-Weeks-Old Rats Having an Episode of Neonatal Anoxia -- The Effect of Development on the Pattern of A1 and A2a-Adenosine Receptor Gene and Protein Expression in Rat Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors -- A Comparative Study of the Hypoxic Secretory Response between Neonatal Adrenal Medulla and Adult Carotid Body from the Rat -- In Search of the Acute Oxygen Sensor -- Does AMP-activated Protein Kinase Couple Inhibition of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation by Hypoxia to Pulmonary Artery Constriction? -- Function of NADPH Oxidase and Signaling by Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Carotid Body Type I Cells -- Hypoxemia and Attenuated Hypoxic Ventilatory Responses in Mice Lacking Heme Oxygenase-2 -- Regulation of a TASK-like Potassium Channel in Rat Carotid Body Type I Cells by ATP -- Accumulation of Radiolabeled N-Oleoyl-Dopamine in the Rat Carotid Body -- Profiles for ATP and Adenosine Release at the Carotid Body in Response to O2 Concentrations -- Hypoxic Regulation of Ca2+ Signalling in Astrocytes and Endothelial Cells -- Does AMP-activated Protein Kinase Couple Hypoxic Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation to Carotid Body Excitation? -- Mitochondrial ROS Production Initiates A?1-40-Mediated Up-Regulation of L-Type Ca2+ Channels during Chronic Hypoxia -- Acute Hypoxic Regulation of Recombinant THIK-1 Stably Expressed in HEK293 Cells -- Differential Expression of Oxygen Sensitivity in Voltage-Dependent K Channels in Inbred Strains of Mice -- An Overview on the Homeostasis of Ca2+ in Chemoreceptor Cells of the Rabbit and Rat Carotid Bodies -- Midbrain Neurotransmitters in Acute Hypoxic Ventilatory Response -- Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Enhances Carotid Body Chemosensory Responses to Acute Hypoxia -- The Cell-Vessel Architecture Model for the Central Respiratory Chemoreceptor -- Loop Gain of Respiratory Control upon Reduced Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase or Na+/H+ Exchange -- Adrenaline Increases Carotid Body CO2 Sensitivity: An in vivo Study -- Peripheral Chemoreceptor Activity on Exercise-Induced Hyperpnea in Human -- Effects of Low-Dose Methazolamide on the Control of Breathing in Cats -- Stimulus Interaction between Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in the Human Peripheral Chemoreceptors -- Gene Expression and Signaling Pathways by Extracellular Acidification -- Hypoxic Modulation of the Cholinergic System in the Cat Carotid Glomus Cell -- Are There "CO2 Sensors" in the Lung? -- Nitric Oxide in Brain Glucose Retention after Carotid Body Receptors Stimulation with Cyanide in Rats -- Pulmonary Nociceptors are Potentially Connected with Neuroepithelial Bodies -- Modulators of Cat Carotid Body Chemotransduction -- Identification and Characterization of Hypoxia Sensitive Kv? Subunits in Pulmonary Neuroepithelial Bodies -- Voltage-Dependent K Channels in Mouse Glomus Cells are Modulated by Acetylcholine -- Modification of the Glutathione Redox Environment and Chemoreceptor Cell Responses -- Carotid Body Transmitters Actions on Rabbit Petrosal Ganglion in Vitro -- Potassium Channels in the Central Control of Breathing -- Role of Endothelin-1 on the Enhanced Carotid Body Activity Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia -- Concluding Remarks. In the general assembly of International Society for Arterial Chemoreception (ISAC) at the XIV Meeting of ISAC in Philadelphia (June, 1999) the membership decided that tentatively the XVI Meeting of the Society will be held in Japan. At the conclusion of the XV ISAC Meeting held in Lyon (France) in November 2002, Hisatake Kondo took of the torch as president of ISAC, and took the responsibility of organizing the XVI Meeting of the Society in Sendai (Japan). This book contains the Proceedings of XVI ISAC Meeting held at Miyagi Zao Royal Hotel in the suburb of Sendai, Japan, from May 9 to 12, 2005. Hisatake Kondo counted with a group of colleague co-organizers from different Japanese institutions, including Yoshiaki Hayashida from Osaka, Katsuaki Yoshizaki from Akita, Yoko Kameda from Kanagawa, Tatsumi Kusakabe from Tokyo, Yuji Owada from Sendai and Hiroyuki Sakagami also from Sendai. The Scientific Committee was formed by some ISAC members from abroad. Professors Helmut Acker (Germany), Carlos Eyzaguirre (USA), Salvatore Fidone (USA), Robert Fitzgerald (USA), Constancio Gonzalez (Spain), Sukhamay Lahiri (USA), Jean Marc Pequignot (France) and Patricio Zapata (Chile) helped with their advice to take decisions on specific aspects of the scientific programme. Recommendations given by Dr. Prem Kumar (UK), acting treasurer of ISAC, were invaluable to solve last minute contingencies.