General Concepts -- Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Tissues: Distribution and Implications for Toxicology -- Glutamate Receptor Pharmacology: Lessons Learned from the Last Decade of Stroke Trials -- Expression of Non-Organelle Glutamate Transporters to Support Peripheral Tissue Function -- Anticancer Effects of Glutamate Antagonists -- Glutamate Receptors and their Role in Acute and Inflammatory Pain -- Specific Target Tissues, Organs, and Systems -- The Vertebrate Retina -- Glutamate Receptors in Taste Receptor Cells -- Glutamate Receptors in Endocrine Tissues -- Adrenal Glutamate Receptors: A Role in Stress and Drug Addiction? -- Glutamate Receptors in the Stomach and their Implications -- Glutamate Toxicity in Lung and Airway Disease -- Glutamate: Teaching Old Bones New Tricks-Implications for Skeletal Biology -- Expression and Function of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Liver -- Neuroexcitatory Signaling in Immune Tissues -- Platelet Glutamate Receptors as a Window into Psychiatric Disorders -- Non-Mammalian Organisms -- Analysis of Glutamate Receptor Genes in Plants: Progress and Prospects. Glutamate receptors (GluRs) in the central nervous system have been the subject of intense investigations for several decades, providing new avenues for the understanding of excitatory neurotransmission, excitotoxicity, mechanisms of injury, and therapeutics for several acute neurological conditions, such as brain trauma, and for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders including addictions, Alzheimer disease, etc. Evidences of GluRs beyond the central nervous system were first reported in the early 1990s. When the idea of this book was conceived, the knowledge, specificity, and functional significance of GluRs in peripheral tissues was still in its embryonic stage. From our perspective, the idea of GluRs in peripheral tissues arose from our research on seafood toxins (see Chapter 1), and has now been reinforced by the results of other scientists working in similar areas. In this book, we have invited some of the leading authorities in the field to summarize their findings and to provide a framework for further investigations. The book is divided into three sections- Part I is on general concepts and concentrates on the distribution and cell-specific localization of glutamate receptors, their transporters, and the pharmacology in peripheral tissues and organs. Part II emphasizes the presence and implications of these receptors in specific target tissues, organs, and systems, including liver, lungs, endocrine tissues, bone, immune system, etc. Part III focuses on glutamate receptors in plants to illustrate their presence beyond the animal kingdom.