The paper discusses the rationale and motivation for integrated environmental control as it relates to EPA research, particularly as it involves risk management. EPA research, whether in support of integrated environmental control or not, must be responsive to the Agency's regulatory function. Risk reduction programs have been successful in the past, leading to demonstration of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and low nitrogen oxide (NOx) burner technologies. One emphasis of current risk reduction research activities is integrated environmental control because of the possibility of greater cost effectiveness. Two examples of integrated environmental control are described: limestone injection multistage burners (LIMB) and electrostatic precipitators-sulfur oxides (E-SOx). Both technologies show great promise for moderate to high SO2 control with very low cost and ease of retrofit.