The paper gives overviews of both the developing and envisioned regulatory and stakeholder situation with respect to continuous emissions monitors (CEMs) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) waste treatment, and the status of currently available and emerging CEMs for particulate matter, mercury, multimetals, dioxins/furans, and radionuclides. It provides technical descriptions of the technologies and performance information based on recent tests conducted under the auspices of the Mixed Waste Focus Area (MWFA), the Characterization, Monitoring and Sensor Technology Crosscutting Program (CMST-CP), and the U.S. EPA. It also identifies CEM technology developers and describes the status and prospects of CEM development activities. The primary goal is to acquaint potential CEM users with the availability and performance of CEMs for support of DOE waste treatment operations. A secondary goal is to stimulate thinking among both CEM developers and potential users on how to implement continuous monitoring, perhaps in combination with non-intrusive feed stream characterization and improved air pollution control, to help ensure safe and affordable treatment, proper performance, and public acceptance of thermal treatment facilities.