| Main Title |
Costs of radium removal from potable water supplies / |
| Author |
Singley, J. Edward. ;
Beaudet, B. A. ;
Bolch, W. E. ;
Palmer., J. F.
|
| CORP Author |
Florida Univ., Gainesville. Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences. ;Water and Air Research Inc., Gainesville, Fla.;Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, Ohio. Water Supply Research Div. |
| Publisher |
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, |
| Year Published |
1977 |
| Report Number |
EPA-600/2-77-073; EPA-R-803864-01 |
| Stock Number |
PB-266 950 |
| OCLC Number |
09484233 |
| Subjects |
Drinking water--Contamination ;
Water--Purification ;
Radioactive pollution of water
|
| Additional Subjects |
Radium ;
Water treatment ;
Radioactive contaminants ;
Water pollution control ;
Potable water ;
Ion exchanging ;
Reverse osmosis ;
Lime-soda ash process ;
Water softening ;
Cost analysis ;
Concentration(Composition) ;
Trace elements ;
Sludge disposal ;
Design criteria ;
Brines ;
Water quality ;
Solid waste disposal
|
| Internet Access |
|
| Holdings |
| Library |
Call Number |
Additional Info |
Location |
Last
Modified |
Checkout
Status |
| EJBD |
EPA 600-2-77-073 |
|
Headquarters Library/Washington,DC |
10/31/2016 |
| ELBD ARCHIVE |
EPA 600-2-77-073 |
Received from HQ |
AWBERC Library/Cincinnati,OH |
10/04/2023 |
| ELBD |
EPA 600-2-77-073 |
|
AWBERC Library/Cincinnati,OH |
12/30/1999 |
| ERAD |
EPA 600/2-77-073 |
|
Region 9 Library/San Francisco,CA |
09/17/2012 |
| ESAD |
EPA 600-2-77-073 |
|
Region 10 Library/Seattle,WA |
03/23/2010 |
| NTIS |
PB-266 950 |
Some EPA libraries have a fiche copy filed under the call number shown. |
|
07/26/2022 |
|
| Collation |
xii, 139 pages ; 27 cm. |
| Abstract |
This report presents the results of an analysis of existing data from various sources on the removal of radium from potable water supplies by lime-soda softening, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis treatment methods. Removal efficiency models are used to estimate the capital and annual operating and maintenance costs for each water treatment process over a wide range of raw water quality, raw water radium, and population conditions. The radiological consequences of common methods of waste sludge and brine disposal are discussed and waste volumes and activity levels of radium in waste streams are estimated. The costs of ultimate disposal of the waste streams produced by each process are estimated over the same raw water quality and population ranges used to determine treatment costs. This report is intended as a guide for planners and water utility personnel in areas where the radium activity of potable water sources exceeds the limits set by EPA Drinking Water Regulations. |
