Introduction: Creating a Context for Landscape-Scale Conservation Planning -- Identifying Keystone Threats to Biological Diversity -- Why History Matters in Conservation Planning -- Developing Institutions to Overcome Governance Barriers to Ecoregional Conservation -- Changing Socio-economic Conditions for Private Woodland Protection -- Aquatic Conservation Planning at a Landscape Scale -- From the Last of the Large to the Remnants of the Rare: Bird Conservation at an Ecoregional Scale -- The Transboundary Nature of Seabird Ecology -- Conservation Planning with Large Carnivores and Ungulates in Eastern North America: Learning from the Past to Plan for the Future -- Protecting Natural Resources on Private Lands: The Role of Collaboration in Land-Use Planning -- Integrating Expert Judgment into Systematic Ecoregional Conservation Planning -- The GIS Challenges of Ecoregional Conservation Planning -- The Human Footprint as a Conservation Planning Tool -- Assessing Irreplaceability for Systematic Conservation Planning -- Conservation Planning in a Changing Climate: Assessing the Impacts of Potential Range Shifts on a Reserve Network -- Modeling Ecoregional Connectivity -- A General Model for Site-Based Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes: The Landscape Species Approach -- Integrating Ecoregional Planning at Greater Spatial Scales. This book expands the thinking and techniques of the new field of systematic conservation planning to include significant improvements borne of integrating social and natural conditions and processes to address the questions and problems of protecting ecosystem pattern and process in human-dominated landscapes. Specifically it undertakes to answer the question of how to accomplish ecoregion-scale, transboundary conservation in a variety of realms including seascapes, multiple nations and jurisdictions, all by using numerous conservation targets and by incorporating changing climate, land use, and other social and natural processes operating at multi-spatial and temporal scales.