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REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF CONTAMINANTS IN OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
Citation:
Fairbrother, A, G T. Ankley, L S. Birnbaum, S P. Bradbury, B. Francis, L E. Gray, D. Hinton, L. L. Johnson, R. E. Peterson, AND G. Van Der Kraak. REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF CONTAMINANTS IN OVIPAROUS ANIMALS. RT DiGiulo and DE Tillitt (ed.), Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Contaminants in Oviparous Vertebrates.. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, , 283-362, (1999).
Description:
Ecological risk assessments can utilize endpoints at any of a number of biological levels of organization. Except in the case of rare and endangered species, assessment endpoints of most concern in ecological risk assessment typically are at the population and community levels. However, these endpoints generally are highly integrative and not reflective of any particular stressor. For example, fecundity can be affected adversely by a variety of non-chemical or chemical stressors, and even the latter could represent multiple toxic modes of action (MOA). . .