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PREDICTING THE PRECIPITATION OF ACID AND DIRECT DYES IN NATURAL WATERS
Citation:
Hou, M. AND G. Baughman. PREDICTING THE PRECIPITATION OF ACID AND DIRECT DYES IN NATURAL WATERS. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/J-92/245.
Description:
A simple screening test was used to determine whether acid and direct dyes precipitate at calcium concentrations typical of hard waters in the Southeastern Piedmont region of the United States. f 52 dyes tested, only three direct dyes (Direct Black 19, Direct Black 22, and Direct Blue 75) and seven acid dyes (Acid Red 88, Acid Red 114, Acid Red 151, Acid Brown 14, Acid Black 24, Acid Orange 8, and Acid Blue 113) precipitated. tructures of all but three of the dyes, or ligands in the case of complexes, are in the literature. onditional solubility-product constants (Ksp) of calcium salts also were determined by titrimetric and batch-equilibration methods for five of the dyes (Acid Red 114, Acid Red 151, Acid Orange 8, Acid Blue 113, and Direct Yellow 28). he Ksp values range from 3 x 10-10 to 1.0 x 10-7 M2 and from 6 x 10-15 to 1 x 10-9 M3 for salts of divalent and monovalent dyes, respectively. onitoring data show that maximum calcium concentrations in Southeastern Piedmont waters are approximately 2 x 10-3 M and thus unlikely to precipitate most dyes of the types represented. owever, it is not know whether these conclusions are valid for newer dyes that have structures not reported in the open literature.