Citation:

Moore, J. ASSESSMENT OF LITHIUM USING THE IEHR EVALUATIVE PROCESS FOR ASSESSING HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF AGENTS. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/J-95/322, 1995.

Description:

This document presents an evaluation of the reproductive and developmental effects of lithium and reviews toxicologic information on several specific lithium salts: ithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium citrate, and lithium hypochlorite. ithium (Li), an alkali metal, is a natural chemical element present in soil and water. t si found naturally in two isomeric forms, 7Li (92.58%) and 6Li (&.42%) (2). t occurs in a number of minerals: podumene, lepidolite, pentalite, amblygonite, and triphylite. podumene, a lithium-containing ore, and certain natural brines are sources of lithium and lithium salts used in manufacturing, in therapeutic applications, and in sanitizing. ommercially, lithium is available as an odorless alkali metal and in various organic and inorganic compounds. norganic salts, including lithium carbonate, lithium chloride, lithium citrate, lithium oxide, and lithium hydroxide have been used in toxicity studies. ithium is used industrially as a cell additive in electrolytic aluminum production; as a catalyst in chemical reactors; as a component of fluxes and brazing alloys; as an ingredient of batteries, special glass, and ceramics; as a source of tritium in thermonuclear fusion; in lithium soap and grease; and in industrial air-conditioning systems. ithium hypochlorite is used as a sanitizer for swimming pools, hot tubs, and spas. ithium carbonate and lithium citrate have been used therapeutically to treat psychiatric diseases, such as manic-depressive (bipolar) illness and other major affective disorders, since the 1960s. n 1970, the US FDA approved the use of lithium for acute mania, and in 1974, approved its use for maintenance therapy.

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