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A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT ON INTAKE TECHNOLOGIES
Citation:
Ray, S., R. Snipes, AND D. Tomljanovich. A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT ON INTAKE TECHNOLOGIES. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/7-76/020.
Description:
The report presents an updated evaluation of mechanisms and intake designs for reducing the number of fish entrained and impinged at water intake facilities. These mechanisms consist of intake configurations, behavioral barriers for guiding fish past intake entrances, physical screening devices to physically remove or divert fish from cooling water intakes, and fish removal systems to evacuate fish already within the intake area. The report summarizes evaluations of available intake technologies. More importantly, it presents results of recent tests and studies. Where promising mechanisms are identified, recommendations are made with regard to tests needed to demonstrate the viability of a mechanism for protecting fish in a particular situation. The report considers reducing fish losses both at large-volume, once-through cooling water intakes and at lower-volume intakes at plants requiring only makeup water to replace losses due to cooling tower blowdown and evaporation. In evaluating devices for reducing impingement and entrainment, consideration was given to devices and designs that can protect very small fish and larval eggs.