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POLLUTION EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL OPERATIONS IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL REPORT
Citation:
Carpenter, B., D. VanOsdell, D. Coy, AND R. Jablin. POLLUTION EFFECTS OF ABNORMAL OPERATIONS IN IRON AND STEEL MAKING. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL REPORT. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/2-78/118A.
Description:
The report is the first in a six-volume series considering abnormal operating conditions (AOCs) in the primary section (sintering, blast furnace ironmaking, open hearth, electric furnace, and basic oxygen steelmaking) of an integrated iron and steel plant. Pollution standards, generally based on controlling discharges during normal (steady-state) operation of a process and control system, are often exceeded during upsets in operation. Such periods of abnormal operation are becoming recognized as contributing to excess air emissions and water discharges. In general, an AOC includes process and control equipment startup and shutdown, substantial variations in operating practice and process variables, and outages for maintenance. The volume evaluates the magnitude of pollutants emitted during AOCs. Compared to normal controlled emission rates from the processes, the increases due to AOCs are estimated to be significant. The volume describes the methodology used to gather data for the study and sources of information. Numerous pollution control agencies and manufacturing plants were visited. Though most jurisdictions have regulations requiring reporting of spills, malfunctions, etc., there is a wide variation in the procedures and records kept. Without systematic recordkeeping, it is difficult to determine the causes of problems and identify corrective action.