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TEXTILE DYES AND DYEING EQUIPMENT: CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Citation:
Kulkarni, S., C. Blackwell, A. Blackard, C. Stackhouse, AND M. Alexander. TEXTILE DYES AND DYEING EQUIPMENT: CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/2-85/010.
Description:
The report gives results of a study of available information on textile dyeing equipment, dyeing procedures, and dye chemistry, to serve as background data for estimating the properties and evaluating the associated risks of new commercial dyestuffs. It reports properties of dyestuffs which affect their use on a fabric or in a dye machine, placing special emphasis on acid, substantive direct, azoic, disperse, sulfur, and fiber reactive dyes. These six classes were selected, based on projections of new dye development activities and concerns about the health and environmental effects of these dyes. Dyeing equipment and associated dyeing procedures that received detailed coverage were beck, semi-continuous (pad-batch), transfer printing, and direct textile printing. These four types of equipment were chosen because of their projected, continued, and predominant use in the textile dyeing industry. The report estimates the quantity of dyestuff released to the environment from each type of dyeing equipment, and classifies the production capacity of textile dyeing operations and their wastewater volumes. The literature search conducted for this study revealed little or no information on worker activities, worker exposure to dyes, and specific chemical and physical properties of individual textile dyestuffs.