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Comparative Cardiopulmonary Toxicity of exhausts from Soy-Based Biofuels and Diesel in Healthy and Hypertensive Rats
Citation:
Bass, V., M. Schladweiler, A. Nyska, R. Thomas, D. Miller, Todd Krantz, C. King, Ian Gilmour, A. Ledbetter, J. Richards, AND U. Kodavanti. Comparative Cardiopulmonary Toxicity of exhausts from Soy-Based Biofuels and Diesel in Healthy and Hypertensive Rats. INHALATION TOXICOLOGY. Informa Healthcare USA, New York, NY, 27(11):545-556, (2015).
Impact/Purpose:
The use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We show that exposure of rats to biodiesel exhaust produces greater pulmonary toxicity than diesel exhaust at equal mass concentration and similar engine operating conditions.
Description:
Increased use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative cardiopulmonary health effects of exhausts from (1) 100% soy biofuel (B100), (2) 20% soy biofuel + 80% low sulfur petroleum diesel (B20), and (3) 100% petroleum diesel (BO) in rats. Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously/ hypertensive rats were exposed to these three exhausts at 0, 50, 150 and 500 µg/m(3}, 4 h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks (5 days/week) . In addition, WKY rats were exposed for 1 day and responses were analyzed 0 h, 1 day or 4 days later for time-course assessment. Hematological parameters, in vitro platelet aggregation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation, ex vivo aortic ring constriction, heart and aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction, thrombosis and atherogenesis were analyzed. The presence of pigmented macrophages in the lung alveoli was clearly evident with all three exhausts without apparent pathology. Overall, exposure to all three exhausts produced only modest effects in most endpoints analyzed in both strains. BALF y-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was the most consistent marker and was increased in both strains, primarily with BO (BO > B100 > B20). This increase was associated with only modest increases in BALF neutrophils. Small and very acute increases occurred in aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction and thrombosis with B100 but not BO in WKY rats. Our comparative evaluations show modest cardiovascular and pulmonary effects at low concentrations of all exhausts: BO causing more pulmonary injury and B100 more acute vascular effects. BALF GGT activity could serve as a sensitive biomarker of inhaled pollutants.
