Description:
Young children, especially those of the preschool ages 1-5, are hypothesized to have greater exposures to chemicals in the environment than do older children or adults. These greater exposures may result from what children eat and drink, where they spend their time, and what they do there. The impact of the exposures may be greater on young children because of their smaller body masses, immature body systems, and rapid physical development. Very young children learn about their environment by exploring not only the appearance and texture of objects, but also their taste and smell. Thus, nondietary ingestion can play an important role in their exposures.
The "Children's Total Exposure to Persistent Pesticides and Other Persistent Organic Pollutants, (CTEPP)" is a research study involving about 260 preschool children in North Carolina and Ohio. It is the first large aggregate exposure study of young children. CTEPP was designed to investigate the exposures of young children to common contaminants in their everyday surroundings, to gain information on the various activities, environmental media, and pollutant characteristics that may influence children's exposures, and to generate potential questions and hypotheses for future research.
Children who stay at home with an adult caregiver and children who attend preschool or day care were included in the study. Emphasis was on children of ages two to five years. Exposures of the children and their primary adult caregivers living in the same household were estimated through the collection and analysis of samples of food, beverages, and drinking water; indoor and outdoor air; hand wipes; house dust, classroom dust, and play area soil; and smooth floor and food preparation surface wipes. Urine samples were also collected for analysis for biomarkers of exposure. Information about the children's activities during the sampling period was collected via activity diaries and food diaries. Approximately 10% of the children were videotaped at residences in Ohio for 2 hour periods during the sampling to supplement the activity diaries and observations.
Targeted organic chemical pollutants included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; chlorinated, carbamate, triazine, pyrethroid, and organophosphate pesticides; phthalate esters; phenols; and polychlorinated biphenyls. These compounds are persistent in the indoor and sometimes the outdoor environments, so that very low levels may exist in the children's surrounding microenvironments and provide a source of chronic, non-acute exposure. Specific compounds were selected because they may be carcinogenic, mutagenic, acutely or chronically toxic, or possibly disruptive to the human endocrine system; and because they are widespread and often persistent in the indoor or outdoor environment.
The field data collection, chemical analyses, and initial data analyses for the study have been completed. A final report of the study results was completed in 2004 by Battelle and submitted to the EPA. The report describes the study methods, measurement results, and quality control results. Analyses were performed to evaluate the exposure pathways and various factors afftecting exposure. During 2005, additional, more comprehensive analyses of the data will be performed. Manuscripts will be prepared for submission to peer-reviewed journals. The results of the study will be disseminated to EPA Program Offices, researchers in the field of exposure assessment, industry, and other interested stakeholders.
Keywords:
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN, PESTICIDES, CTEPP, ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS, EDCS, PERSISTENT ORGANICS, POPS, PBTS, AGGREGATE EXPOSURE,
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Project Information:
Progress
:The study design received external peer review and was approved in January 1999. The Task Order for the field study was awarded to Battelle Memorial Institute in August 1999. The Information Collection Request (ICR) was submitted to OMB and approval of the ICR was obtained in March 2000. EPA received Institutional Review Board and human subjects approval as well as a Certificate of Confidentiality before beginning the study.
Participants were recruited randomly from selected homes and day care centers in 12 North Carolina and Ohio counties. A total 257 preschool children and their primary adult caregivers were recruited into the study. Samples were collected at 130 homes and 13 day care centers in North Carolina. In Ohio, samples were collected at 127 homes and 17 day care centers. Field sampling, sample analysis, and the database have been completed. A Congressional-level, data report to meet the goals of the study was completed in September 2004.
Relevance
:The expected benefits include a greater understanding of children's aggregate exposures to persistent pesticides, possible endocrine disrupters, and similar pollutants; improved knowledge of the environmental pathways that are most important in young children's exposures; improved approaches for estimating children's exposures; development of a scientifically robust data base on young children's exposure and exposure factors; and identification of hypotheses and needs for further research. CTEPP will provide important data inputs for the development and evaluation of aggregate exposure models for young children.
CTEPP will directly improve exposure assessments for young children. CTEPP will provide a statistical data base on exposure, exposure factors, children's activities, and microenvironmental concentrations that can be used as inputs to these assessments. Data generated on the relationships between biomarkers, exposure concentrations, and activities can be used to evaluate the algorithms for estimating children's exposure.
CTEPP has direct practical utility in meeting the requirements of the Food Quality and Protection Act (FQPA). New data will be generated for refining the required aggregate exposure assessments. Specific this field study will help fill several critical data gaps, including
- location and activity patterns for children,
- pesticide use in microenvironments where children spend their time,
- pesticide distributions in these microenvironments
- factors for estimating exposure from microenvironmental concentrations (that is, hand-to-surface and hand-to-mouth contacts, transfer coefficients for various contacts, time spent in microenvironments, and surface area contacted).
Data generated in this study on exposure concentrations and exposure factors will by used by OPP, ORD, NCEA, and industry to develop and evaluate models and to reduce the uncertainty in risk assessments. Exposure factor data will be useful in the future updates of the EPA Child-Specific Exposure Factor Handbook.
Clients
:Major clients include the EPA Office's of Children's Health Protection (OCHP; Michael Firestone), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT; Jennifer Seed), and Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP; Jeffrey Evans)
Project IDs:
ID Code
:3941
Project type
:OMIS