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Concentrations of prioritized pharmaceuticals in effluents from 50 large wastewater treatment plants in the US and implications for risk estimation
Citation:
Kostich, M., A. Batt, AND Jim Lazorchak. Concentrations of prioritized pharmaceuticals in effluents from 50 large wastewater treatment plants in the US and implications for risk estimation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, 184(1):354-359, (2014).
Impact/Purpose:
Reports measured concentrations of 50 pharmaceuticals, prioritized based on potential risks, in effluents from 50 very large municipal wastewater treatment plants from across the US. Uses the measurements to develop risk estimates for humans and aquatic life.
Description:
We measured the concentrations of 56 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and seven metabolites, including 50 prioritized APIs, in 24-hour composite effluent samples collected from 50 very large municipal wastewater treatment plants across the US. Hydrochlorothiazide was found in every sample analyzed. In addition, metoprolol, atenolol, and carbamazepine were found in over 90% of the samples. The highest concentration measured was 5300 ng/L for valsartan, which also had the highest average concentration (1600 ng/L) across all 50 samples. The six highest ratios of measured concentration to therapeutic dose rate were all for anti-hypertensive APIs (lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, valsartan, atenolol, enalaprilat, and metoprolol), but the ratio was below 0.003 in every case. These ratios suggest risks to healthy human adults from exposure to ambient water and drinking water are low. The ratio of measured concentration to therapeutic plasma concentration was between 0.1 and 1 for four analytes (sertraline, propranolol, desmethylsertraline, and valsartan), suggesting the need for further study of the potential impact of environmental exposure to aquatic life for a handful analytes. We present rationale for extending these conclusions to aquatic exposure of any prescription pharmaceutical, including those that have never been surveyed.
