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A Time-course Analysis of Effects of the Steroidogenesis Inhibitor Ketoconazole on Components of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal Axis of Fathead Minnows
Citation:
ANKLEY, G. T., J. E. CAVALLIN, E. J. DURHAN, K. M. JENSEN, M. D. KAHL, E. A. MAKYNEN, L. M. THOMAS, L. C. WEHMAS, AND DAN VILLENEUVE. A Time-course Analysis of Effects of the Steroidogenesis Inhibitor Ketoconazole on Components of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal Axis of Fathead Minnows. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, 114-115:88-95, (2012).
Impact/Purpose:
To document research results
Description:
The objective of this study was to evaluate temporal effects of the model steroidogenesis inhibitor ketoconazole (KTC) on aspects of reproductive endocrine function controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Ketoconazole inhibits that activity of two cytochrome P450s (CYPs) key to sex steroid production in vertebrates, CYP11a (side chain cleavage) and CYP17 (c17á-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase). Sexually-mature fish were exposed to water-borne KTC (30 or 300 µg/L) in a flow-through system for up to 8 d, following which animals were allowed to recover in clean water for up to 16 d. Samples were collected after 1, 4 and 8 d of exposure, and after 1, 8 and 16 d of recovery. A shorter-term time-course experiment also was conducted in which females were sampled on seven occasions during a 12-h KTC exposure. Ketoconazole consistently depressed ex vivo gonadal synthesis of testosterone (T) in both sexes, and 17â-estradiol (E2) in females during both exposure and recovery phases of the time-course studies. Effects on ex vivo steroidogenesis in females occurred within as little as 1 h of exposure. Plasma concentrations of T in males and E2 in females also were depressed by exposure to KTC, but these decreases did not persist to the same degree as observed for the ex vivo effects. In females, plasma E2 concentrations were similar to (or greater than) controls within 24 h of exposure, while in males, plasma T returned to levels comparable to controls within 1 d of cessation of KTC exposure. The discrepancy between the ex vivo and in vivo data at later stages in the test is consistent with some type of compensatory response to KTC in fish. However, we were unable to ascertain the nature or mechanistic basis for such a response. For example, although a number of genes related to steroid synthesis (e.g., cyp11a, cyp17) were up-regulated in the gonads of both males and females during the exposure and early recovery phases of the experiment, this did not seem to account for the ability of KTC-exposed animals to maintain plasma steroid concentrations comparable to controls. Further studies focused on metabolism and clearance of steroids might lend insights as to effects of the KTC on plasma steroid concentrations. Overall, our results demonstrate the complex, temporally-dynamic nature of the vertebrate HPG system in response to chemical stressors.