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64
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2019
Rogers, K., T. Henson, J. Navratilova, M. Hughes, K. Bradham, A. Stefaniak, A. Knepp, AND L. Bowers. Colloidal Silver Consumer Products: Characterization and Cytotoxicity. 2019 American Chemical Society Fall Meeting, San Diego, CA, August 25 - 29, 2019.
2018
Rogers, K., J. Navratilova, A. Stefaniak, L. Bowers, A. Knepp, S. Al-Abed, P. Potter, A. Gitipour, I. Radwan, C. Nelson, AND K. Bradham. Characterization of engineered nanoparticles in commercially available spray disinfectant products advertised to contain colloidal silver. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, Netherlands, 619620:1375-1384, (2018).
Navratilova, J., K. Rogers, K. Bradham, AND C. Nelson. Characterization of silver nanoparticles spray disinfectant products using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (FFF2018 Presentation). 19th International Symposium on Field- and Flow-based Separations, Columbia, SC, May 14 - 17, 2018.
Bradham, K., G. Diamond, A. Juhasz, C. Nelson, AND D. Thomas. Comparison of mouse and swine bioassays for determination of soil arsenic relative bioavailability. APPLIED GEOCHEMISTRY. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, 88:221-225, (2018).
Hsi, H., C. Hu, M. Tsou, H. Hu, H. Ozkaynak, K. Bradham, Z. Hseu, W. Dang, AND L. Chien. Determination of hand soil loading, soil transfer, and particle size variations after hand-pressing and hand-mouthing activities. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, Netherlands, 627:844-851, (2018).
Bradham, K., G. Diamond, M. Burgess, A. Juhasz, J. Klotzbach, M. Maddaloni, C. Nelson, K. Scheckel, S. Serda, M. Stifelman, AND D. Thomas. In vivo and in vitro methods for evaluating soil arsenic bioavailability: relevant to human health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART B: CRITICAL REVIEWS. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 21(2):83-114, (2018).
Navratilova, J., K. Rogers, K. Bradham, AND J. Harrington. Interaction of silver nanoparticles of dietary supplements with synthetic stomach fluid. QEEN 2, Washington, DC, October 08 - 10, 2018.
Bradham, K., G. Diamond, C. Nelson, M. Noerpel, K. Scheckel, B. Elek, R. Chaney, Q. Ma, AND D. Thomas. Long-Term in Situ Reduction in Soil Lead Bioavailability Measured in a Mouse Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 52(23):13908–13913, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04684
Nelson, C., K. Li, D. Obenour, J. Miller, J. Misenheimer, K. Scheckel, A. Betts, A. Juhasz, D. Thomas, AND K. Bradham. Relating soil geochemical properties to arsenic bioaccessibility through hierarchical modeling. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 81(6):160-172, (2018).
Misenheimer, J., C. Nelson, E. Huertas, M. Medina-Vera, A. Prevatte, AND K. Bradham. Total and Bioaccessible Soil Arsenic and Lead Levels and Plant Uptake in Three Urban Community Gardens in Puerto Rico. Geosciences. MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, 8(2):43, (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8020043
2017
Bradham, K., C. Croghan, P. Egeghy, S. Clifton, K. Isaacs, Dan Stout, K. Thomas, N. Tulve, E. Ulrich, D. Whitaker, S. Vesper, D. Betancourt, AND T. Dean. Field Collection Methods for an EPA Pilot Study Evaluating Personal, Housing, and Community Factors Influencing Children’s Potential Exposures to Indoor Contaminants at Various Lifestages (EPA Pilot Study Add-On to the GreenHousing Study). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-17/064, 2017.
Griggs, J., K. Rogers, C. Nelson, T. Luxton, W. Platten, AND K. Bradham. In vitro bioaccessibility of copper azole following simulated dermal transfer from pressure-treated wood. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, Netherlands, 598:413–420, (2017).
Olson, L., J. Misenheimer, C. Nelson, K. Bradham, AND C. Richardson. Influences of Coal Ash Leachates and Emergent Macrophytes on Water Quality in Wetland Microcosms. WATER, AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION:FOCUS. Springer, New York, NY, 228:344, (2017).
Bradham, K., C. Nelson, J. Kelly, A. Pomales, K. Scruto, T. Dignam, J. Misenheimer, K. Li, D. Obenour, AND D. Thomas. Relationship Between Total and Bioaccessible Lead on Children’s Blood Lead Levels in Urban Residential Philadelphia Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 51(17):10005-10011, (2017).
2016
Carlin, D., M. Naujokas, K. Bradham, J. Cowden, M. Heacock, H. Henry, JaniceS Lee, D. Thomas, C. Thompson, E. Tokar, M. Waalkes, L. Birnbaum, AND W. Suk. Arsenic and Environmental Health: State of the Science and Future Research Opportunities (Journal, 2016). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, 124(7):890–899, (2016).
McLanahan, E., L. Wilder, K. Scruton, K. Bradham, AND R. Worley. Evaluating the All-Ages Lead Model Using SiteSpecific Data: Approaches and Challenges. 2015 SOT Conference, New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, March 13 - 17, 2016.
Diamond, G., K. Bradham, W. Brattin, M. Burgess, S. Griffin, C. Hawkins, A. Juhasz, J. Klotzbach, C. Nelson, Y. Lowery, K. Scheckel, AND D. Thomas. Predicting oral relative bioavailability of arsenic in soil from in vitro bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 79(4):165-173, (2016).
Starr, J., W. Li, S. Graham, K. Bradham, Dan Stout, A. Williams, AND J. Sylva. Using paired soil and house dust samples in an in vitro assay to assess the post ingestion bioaccessibility of sorbed fipronil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, 312:141-149, (2016).
2015
Santiago-Rodrigues, L., J. Griggs, K. Bradham, C. Nelson, T. Luxton, W. Platten, AND K. Rogers. Assessment of the bioaccessibility of micronized copper wood in synthetic stomach fluid. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands, 4:85-92, (2015).
Starr, J., W. Li, S. Graham, Dan Stout, K. Bradham, AND B. Schumacher. Bioaccessibility of Fipronil Sorbed to Soil and House Dust. American Chemical Society National Meeting, Boston, MA, August 16 - 20, 2015.
Bradham, K., C. Nelson, A. Juhasz, E. Smith, K. Scheckel, D. Obernour, B. Miller, AND D. Thomas. Independent data validation of an in vitro method for prediction of relative bioavailability of arsenic in contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 49(10):6312-6318, (2015).
Rogers, K., T. Luxton, J. Griggs, AND K. Bradham. Release of Micronized Copper Particles from Pressure Treated Wood Products. SETAC, Salt Lake City, UT, Salt Lake City, UT, November 01 - 05, 2015.
Chien, L., M. Tsou, H. Hsi, P. Beamer, K. Bradham, Z. Hseu, S. Jien, C. Jiang, W. Dang, AND H. Özkaynak. Soil ingestion rates for children under 3 years old in Taiwan. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology . Nature Publishing Group, London, Uk, , online, (2015).
Griggs, J., L. Santiago-Rodriguez, K. Rogers, C. Nelson, T. Luxton, W. Platten, AND K. Bradham. Surface Wipe Sampling and Oral Bioaccessibility of Copper Particles from Copper-Treated Lumber. Gordon Conference, West Dover, VT, June 21 - 26, 2015.
2014
Hagan, N., Dan Stout, K. Bradham, P. Egeghy, P. Ashley, M. Brinkman, M. Nishioka, AND D. Cox. American Healthy Homes Survey: A National Study of Residential Phthalates Measured from Floor Wipes. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, CANADA, November 09 - 13, 2014.
Bradham, K., B. Laird, P. Rasmussen, R. Schoof, S. Serda, S. Sicilliano, AND M. Hughes. Assessing the bioavailability and risk from metal-contaminated soils and dusts. International Journal of Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, 20(1):272-286, (2014).
Griggs, J., L. Santiago, T. Luxton, K. Rogers, C. Nelson, AND K. Bradham. Bioaccessibility and Solubility of Copper in Copper-Treated Lumber. Conference on the Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials, Columbia, SC, September 07 - 11, 2014.
Harrington, J., C. Nelson, F. Weber, K. Bradham, K. Levine, AND J. Rice. Evaluation of Methods for Analysis of Lead in Air Particulates: An Intra-Laboratory and Inter-Laboratory Comparison. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, Uk, 16(2):256-261, (2014).
Liang, S., P. Egeghy, K. Bradham, AND M. Strynar. High Performance Environmental Profiling of House Dust to Support Computational Exposure Science. Presented at International Society of Exposure ScienceMeeting, Cincinnati, OH, October 12 - 16, 2014.
Juhasz, A., E. Smith, C. Nelson, D. Thomas, AND K. Bradham. Variability Associated with As in Vivo–in Vitro Correlations When Using Different Bioaccessibility Methodologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 48(19):11646-11653, (2014).
2013
Mwilu, S., A. El Badawy, K. Bradham, C. Nelson, D. Thomas, K. Scheckel, T. Tolaymat, M. Longhou, AND K. Rogers. Changes in silver nanoparticles exposed to human synthetic stomach fluid: Effectsof particle size and surface chemistry. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, Netherlands, 447(1):90-98, (2013).
Nelson, C., T. Gilmore, J. Harrington, K. Scheckel, B. Miller, AND K. Bradham. Evaluation of a Low-Cost Commercially Available Extraction Device for Assessing Lead Bioaccessibility in Contaminated Soils. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, Uk, 15(3):573-578, (2013).
Bradham, K., G. Diamond, K. Scheckel, Michael F Hughes, S. Casteel, B. Miller, J. Klotzbach, W. Thayer, AND D. Thomas. Mouse Assay for Determination of Arsenic Bioavailability in Contaminated Soils. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART B: CRITICAL REVIEWS. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 76(13):815-826, (2013).
2012
ROGERS, K. R., K. D. BRADHAM, T. M. TOLAYMAT, D. J. THOMAS, T. Hartmann, L. Ma, AND A. WILLIAMS. Alterations in Physical State of Silver Nanoparticles Exposed to Synthetic Human Stomach Fluid. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, Netherlands, 420(March 15, 2012):334-339, (2012).
HUGHES, M. F. AND K. D. BRADHAM. Assessing the bioavailability and risk from metal contaminated soils and dusts#. Presented at Society of Toxicology 2012 Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, March 11 - 15, 2012.
2011
BRADHAM, K. D., K. G. SCHECKEL, C. M. Nelson, P. E. Seales, G. E. Lee, M. F. HUGHES, B. W. Miller, A. YEOW, T. Gilmore, S. L. HARPER, AND D. J. Thomas. Relative Bioavailability and Bioaccessability and Speciation of Arsenic in Contaminated Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, 119(11):1629-1634, (2011).
HUGHES, M. F., K. D. BRADHAM, K. G. SCHECKEL, P. E. Seales, G. Lee, C. Nelson, A. Yeow, S. Harper, AND D. J. Thomas. Relative bioavailability of arsenic contaminated soils in a mouse model. Presented at Society of Toxicology (SOT) Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, March 06 - 10, 2011.
2010
MEDINA-VERA, M., J. M. VAN EMON, L. J. MELNYK, K. D. BRADHAM, S. L. HARPER, AND J. N. MORGAN. An Overview of Measurement Method Tools Available to Communities for Conducting Exposure and Cumulative Risk Assessments. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology . Nature Publishing Group, London, Uk, 20(4):359-370, (2010).
Van de Wiele, T., C. GALLAWA, K. KUBACHKA, JOHN T. CREED, N. T. BASTA, E. Dayton, S. Whitacre, G. Du Laing, AND K. D. BRADHAM. Arsenic Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota upon In Vitro Digestion of Contaminated Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, 118(7):1004-1009, (2010).
Van de Wiele, T., C. GALLAWA, K. KUBACHKA, JOHN T. CREED, N. Basta, E. A. Dayton, S. Whitacre, G. D. Laing, AND K. D. BRADHAM. Arsenic Metabolism by Human Gut Microbiota upon in Vitro Digestion of Contaminated Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, 118(7):1004-1009, (2010).
BRADHAM, K. D. AND R. WENTSEL. Scientific Issues in the U.S. EPA Framework for Metals Risk Assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH - PART A: CURRENT ISSUES. Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, 73(2):108-113, (2010).
2009
STOUT, D. M., K. D. BRADHAM, P. P. EGEGHY, P. A. JONES, C. W. CROGHAN, P. Ashley, E. Pinzer, W. Friedman, M. C. BRINKMAN, M. G. Nishioka, AND D. Cox. American Healthy Homes Survey: A National Study of Residential Pesticides Measured from Floor Wipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Indianapolis, IN, 43(12):4294-4300, (2009).
SCHECKEL, K. G., K. D. BRADHAM, D. J. THOMAS, B. MILLER, AND L. Li. Arsenic Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility, And Speciation. Presented at Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, November 01 - 05, 2009.
Basta, N. T., K. D. BRADHAM, K. G. SCHECKEL, AND D. J. THOMAS. Assessing Arsenic Bioavailability In Soil When In Vitro Gastrointestinal Methods Are The Only Option. Presented at Annual Meeting of the Soil Science Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, November 01 - 05, 2009.
VESPER, S. J., C. McKinstry, K. D. BRADHAM, P. Ashley, D. Cox, G. Dewalt, AND K. Lin. Screening Tools to Estimate Mold Burdens in Homes. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 51(1):80-86, (2009).
2008
BRADHAM, K. D., M. BERINGER, AND A. YEOW. Proceedings: ISEA Bioavailability Symposium, Durham, North Carolina Use of InVitro Bioaccessibility/Relative Bioavailability Estimates for Metals in Regulatory Settings: What is Needed? ISEA Bioavailability Symposium , Durham, NC, October 14 - 18, 2007. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-08/102 (NTIS PB2008-113476), 2008.
2007
STOUT, D. M., K. D. BRADHAM, R. HIGHSMITH, P. A. JONES, C. W. CROGHAN, W. FREIDMAN, E. PINZER, D. COX, AND G. DEWALT. AMERICAN HEALTHY HOMES SURVEY: A NATIONAL STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL PESTICIDES MEASURED FROM FLOOR WIPES. Presented at American Chemical Society, Chicago, IL, March 25 - 29, 2007.
VESPER, S. J., C. MCKINSTRY, R. A. HAUGLAND, L. J. WYMER, K. D. BRADHAM, P. ASHLEY, D. COX, G. DEWALT, AND W. FRIEDMAN. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIVE MOLDINESS INDEX FOR US HOMES. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 49(8):829-833, (2007).
VESPER, S. J., C. MCKINSTRY, P. ASHLEY, R. A. HAUGLAND, K. YEATTS, K. D. BRADHAM, AND E. R. SVENDSEN. QUANTITATIVE PCR ANALYSIS OF MOLDS IN THE DUST FROM HOMES OF ASTHMATIC CHILDREN IN NORTH CAROLINA. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, Uk, 9(8):826-830, (2007).
2006
BRADHAM, K. D., R. HIGHSMITH, L. S. SHELDON, D. M. STOUT, S. L. HARPER, S. J. VESPER, P. A. JONES, M. MEDINA-VERA, R. C. FORTMANN, E. A. COPPEDGE, C. W. CROGHAN, W. FRIEDMAN, E. PINZER, P. ASHLEY, D. COX, AND G. DEWALT. AMERICAN HEALTHY HOMES SURVEY: A NATIONAL STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL RELATED HAZARDS. Presented at ISEA/ISEE 2006, Paris, FRANCE, September 02 - 06, 2006.
BRADHAM, K. D., E. A. DAYTON, N. T. BASTA, J. SCHRODER, M. PAYTON, AND R. LANNO. EFFECT OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON LEAD BIOAVAILABILITY AND TOXCITY TO EARTHWORMS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, 25(3):769-775, (2006).
2005
BRADHAM, K. D., S. L. HARPER, E. A. COPPEDGE, AND N. T. BASTA. ARSENIC BIOAVAILABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF CCA-TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS. Presented at 8th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA, April 05, 2005.
BRADHAM, K. D., S. L. HARPER, D. J. THOMAS, AND J. T. CREED. FY06 ORD PILOT STUDY: DETERMINE BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOACCESSIBILITY OF ARSENIC IN SOIL AND DEVELOP ARSENIC SPECIATION METHODS. Presented at 2005 US EPA Technical Review Meeting, Safety Harbor, FL, November 14 - 18, 2005.
BRADHAM, K. D., S. L. HARPER, E. A. COPPEDGE, R. KEYS, AND N. T. BASTA. METHODS TO EVALUATE ARSENIC BIOAVAILABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENCE OF CCA-TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS. Presented at 8th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA, April 03 - 07, 2005.
TULVE, N. S., A. F. VETTE, R. C. FORTMANN, D. BARR, K. D. BRADHAM, R. BROOK, J. M. BURKE, C. CAVE, E. A. COPPEDGE, D. L. COSTA, C. W. CROGHAN, K. EDGREN, A. FRASER, W. FRIEDMAN, S. L. HARPER, M. HEINDORF, R. HIGHSMITH, A. HILLIARD, D. JONES, A. B. LINDSTROM, P. J. LIOY, D. MARKER, L. J. MELNYK, S. MUKERJEE, L. NAEHER, L. M. NEAS, M. NISHIOKA, A. W. REA, L. S. SHELDON, J. SMITH, C. D. STEVENS, D. STOUT, S. VEIT, A. WHEELER, D. A. WHITAKER, R. W. WILLIAMS, AND J. ZHOU. PARTNERING TO COLLECT IMPROVED HUMAN EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT DATA. Presented at EPA Science Forum 2005, Washington, DC, May 16 - 18, 2005.
2004
Coppedge, E A., S L. Harper, K Bradham, AND R. Keys. BIOAVAILABILITY OF ARSENIC, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER FOR CCA CONTAMINATED SOILS AND DUST. Presented at The Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 10-13, 2004.
Coppedge, E A., S L. Harper, K Bradham, AND R. Keys. BIOAVAILABILITY OF ARSENIC, CHROMIUM, AND COPPER FROM CCA CONTAMINATED SOILS AND DUSTS. Presented at The Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 10-13, 2004.
Bradham, K, S L. Harper, AND E A. Coppedge. BIOAVAILABILITY OF METALS IN CONTAMINATED SOIL AND DUST. Presented at 19th Annual Regional Risk Assessors Meeting, Boston, MA, May 3-7, 2004.
Cummings, K. T., R. Keys, K Bradham, S L. Harper, M MedinaVera, AND A. AbuShakra. USE OF PELLETED LETTUCE SEEDS IN BIOABAILABILITY STUDIES. Presented at The Southeastern Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 10-13, 2004.
Cummings, K. T., R. Keys, K Bradham, S L. Harper, M MedinaVera, AND A. AbuShakra. USE OF PELLETED LETTUCE SEEDS IN BIOAVAILABILITY STUDIES. Presented at The Southeastrn Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 10-13, 2004.
2003
Bradham, K. BIOAVAILABILITY AND TOXICITY OF METALS IN SOILS. Presented at NCCU Environmental Information Seminar Series, Durham, NC, September 15, 2003.
Bradham, K. BIOAVAILABILITY OF METALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA. Presented at Science Forum 2003, Washington, DC, May 5-7, 2003.
Bradham, K, N. T. Basta, R. P. Lanno, E. A. Dayton, M. Payton, AND J. Schroder. EFFECT OF SOIL MODIFYING FACTORS ON THE BIOAVAILABILITY AND TOXICITY OF METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Austin, TX, November 9-13, 2003.
2002
Bradham, K, N. Basta, R. Lano, J. Schroder, AND M. Payton. EFFECT OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON THE TOXICITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF METALS. Presented at 7th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Uppsala, Sweden, June 15-19, 2003.