New York State paper mills are facing increasing problems with sludge disposal. In particular, costs for landfill disposal are rising. At a recent NYSERDA workshop, one recommendation was to help plants assess their sludge and identify potential technologies that could lead to beneficial use. In the project, NYSERDA and the New York State Department of Economic Development decided to work together to help New York State paper mills find more cost-effective sludge-disposal alternatives. The objectives were to: identify viable beneficial uses of paper sludge from mills using post-consumer fiber; identify the sludge generation and management practices of paper mills participating in the survey; identify the major obstacles to beneficial reuse of post-consumer fiber sludge in New York State; and develop a set of recommendations for fostering beneficial uses of paper sludge in New York State's paper industry.