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90085 
Journal Article 
Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells 
Jeng, HA; Swanson, J 
2006 
1 
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering
ISSN: 1093-4529
EISSN: 1532-4117 
41 
2699-2711 
Along with existing and emerging use of nanoscale materials, growing concerns have arisen about their unintentional health and environmental impact. The objective of the ongoing study was to assess the toxicity profile of metal oxide nanoparticles proposed for use in industrial production methodology. Metal oxide nanoparticles used in this study included TiO2, ZnO, Fe3O4, Al2O3, and CrO3 with particle sizes ranging from 30 to 45 nm. Cellular morphology, mitochondrial function, membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), permeability of plasma membrane, and apoptosis were assessed under controlled and exposed conditions (2 to 72 h of exposure). The microscopic studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-exposed Neuro-2A cells (especially ZnO) at doses >100 Ág/mL became abnormal in size, displaying cellular shrinkage, and detachment from the surface of flasks. Mitochondrial function decreased significantly in the cells exposed to ZnO at 50 to 100 Ág/mL. However, Fe3O4, Al2O3, and TiO2 had no measurable effect on the cells until the concentrations reached greater than 200 Ág/mL. LDH leakage significantly increased in the cells exposed to ZnO (50 to 100 Ág/mL), while other nanoparticles tested displayed LDH leakage only at higher doses (>200 Ág/mL). Flow cytometer tests showed that apoptosis took place in cells exposed to ZnO nanoparticles. More cells became necrotic as the concentrations increased