Jump to main content
US EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Search
Search
Main menu
Environmental Topics
Laws & Regulations
About EPA
Health & Environmental Research Online (HERO)
Contact Us
Print
Feedback
Export to File
Search:
This record has one attached file:
Add More Files
Attach File(s):
Display Name for File*:
Save
Citation
Tags
HERO ID
157403
Reference Type
Journal Article
Title
Skin penetration and stabilization of formulations containing microfine titanium dioxide as physical UV filter
Author(s)
Bennat, C; Muller-Goymann, CC
Year
2000
Is Peer Reviewed?
Yes
Journal
International Journal of Cosmetic Science
ISSN:
0142-5463
EISSN:
1468-2494
Volume
22
Issue
4
Page Numbers
271-283
Language
English
PMID
18503414
DOI
10.1046/j.1467-2494.2000.00009.x
Abstract
Microfine titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) has become a frequently used physical UV filter in sunscreen formulations. Penetration of microfine TiO(2) into human skin seems to be possible because of the mean particle size of 20 nm. The small particle size results in a high surface activity of the primary particles and causes a formation of agglomerates in the formulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo and in vitro penetration behaviour of the physical UV filter into human skin. Furthermore, a stable sunscreen formulation with microfine TiO(2) which does not penetrate into the skin should be developed. According to our experiments, microfine TiO(2) penetrates deeper into human skin from an oily dispersion than from an aqueous one. Therefore, an o/w emulsion containing the dispersed micropigment in the aqueous phase was manufactured. Microfine TiO(2) cannot penetrate into human skin from this emulsion, but the storage stability of the formulation is very low at different temperatures. The encapsulation of the micropigment into liposomes does not result in a better stability but it causes a higher penetration depth of the particles into the skin.
Home
Learn about HERO
Using HERO
Search HERO
Projects in HERO
Risk Assessment
Transparency & Integrity